INDEX

A

AA. See Alcoholics Anonymous Abby (author’s Character 2)

emotions of, 88 getting to know, 94–95, 96–100 on the job, 56 message from, 274–275 naming of, 85–88, 97 relationships with other Characters, 122, 151 Acceptance, 138 Addiction, 205–234

about, 169–170, 205–206 author’s personal experience, 209–211 cell trauma and, 207–208 Character 1 dialog, 211–212, 214–218 Character 2 dialog, 212–216, 218 Character 2 engagement and, as necessary, 214–216 Character 3 dialog, 213, 215–216 family’s and friends’ counterbalancing act, 211, 213–214, 216–218 of Millennial Generation, 252 219–234. See also recovery from addiction and, Recovery as universal problem, 207 Aging, 186–189 Al-Anon, 209, 211, 214–215 Alcoholics Anonymous

about, 210, 221–222 Characters 1 & 2 appeal of, 219–220 comparison with other approaches, 221–231 Step 1 comparison, 221, 222–223

Step 2 comparison, 221, 223 Step 3 comparison, 223–224 Step 4 comparison, 224–225 Step 5 comparison, 225 Step 6 comparison, 225–226 Step 7 comparison, 226–227 Step 8 comparison, 227–228 Step 9 comparison, 228 Step 10 comparison, 228–229 Step 11 comparison, 230 Step 12 comparison, 231 Alpha Generation, 236, 254 Alpha self, 53–54. See also Character 1 Amygdalae, 13–14, 79–80, 81 Anderson, Chris, 8 Angelou, Maya, 259 Anger, 50, 84, 86, 92 Anima/Animus, 37, 38, 107 Anterior cingulate gyri, 13 Anxiety, 82, 87, 93, 151–152, 252 Appearance and style, 62, 116 Apple products, 24 Arteriovenous malformation (AVM), 5 Artistic abilities, 109–110 Attachment Theory, 87 Audits (tax), 60 Authenticity, 17, 139, 155 Authority, conceding to, 112–113 Awareness, 138

B

Baby Boomer Generation, 236, 239, 241–246, 255 Bacteria analogy, 107 Bare to the Bone (Newcomer), 134 Benes, Francine, 4 Body-brain relationship

of Character 1s, 175–176, 179–180, 182, 184–185, 187 of Character 2s, 176–177, 180, 182–183, 185, 187–189 of Character 3s, 178, 181, 183–184, 185–186, 189 of Character 4s, 178–179, 181–182, 184, 186, 189 Boundaries (of self), 52–53 Boundaries (physical), 47–48 Bowlby, John, 87 Brain. See also Four Character framework anatomy of. See Neuroanatomy

cells of. See Neurons

disorders of, 3, 4, 17–18, 99, 217 evolution of, 14–16, 80 neuroplasticity and, 54, 208 BRAIN acronym. See also Brain Huddle

about, 36–37, 157 application of, 264–270 B = BREATHE, 157–159 R = RECOGNIZE, 159–162 A = APPRECIATE, 163–164 I = INQUIRE, 164–166 N = NAVIGATE, 166–167 Brain Huddle, 149–171

about, 149–151 application of, 264–270 author’s personal experience, 149–150, 151 benefits of, 154–157 for Character 2 triggering, 85 cosmic consciousness and, 131 for crisis management, 152–153, 168–169 habituation of, 151–152 how it works, 36–37, 157–167. See also BRAIN acronym neuroanatomy of, 153–154 neuron evolution and, 54, 260 power to choose and, 36, 37, 39, 171, 260 recovery from addiction and, 220 technology and, 258 Brain stem

about, 76–78

Character 2 and, 78–81 Character 3 and, 79 Buddha journey to enlightenment, 38, 208, 219–220, 221

C

Campbell, Joseph, 11, 37 Cerebral cortex (cortical tissue and cells), 11, 12, 14, 15, 26, 53, 83–84 Cerebral hemispheres

functions of, 25–28 information processing differences, 26–28 internal conflict and, 28 left-brain/right-brain stereotypes, 24–25 perception of the world through, 48–49 personality and, 11–12, 32 spirituality and, 132 split-brain experiments and, 22–25, 31 Challenger space shuttle explosion, 247 Change, embracing, 139, 260–261 Character 1 (left brain thinking), 47–73

about, 29–30, 56–58 addiction and, 211–212, 214–218 attributes of, 32, 54–55 author’s Character, 51. See also Helen author’s stroke experience and, 29, 47–51 Baby Boomer Generation values and, 242–244 body-brain relationship and, 175–176, 179–180, 182, 184–185, 186–187 Brain Huddles for, 165–166 consciousness of, 32, 51–54, 126–127 gender differences, 240, 241 generational values of, 237, 238, 244–245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 251, 255,

256 getting to know, 63–71 getting to know cheat sheet, 71–73 Hero’s Journey and, 37–38 information processing by, 29, 48–49, 50–51 on the job, 55, 57–60, 136-137

Jung’s archetype of, 37, 53–54 messages to and from, 40, 271–272, 273, 274–275 naming of, 51, 67 neuroanatomy of, 12 opposite Character attributes, 32 perception of the world through, 48–49, 51–53 at play, 56–57, 61–62 as rational mind, 12 recovery from addiction and, 219–220, 221, 222–227, 230–231 relationships with other Characters, 71, 56, 58, 99–100, 104, 112–113.

See also Brain Huddle romantic relationships and, 194–195, 196, 197–198, 199–200, 201–202 snapshot of, 62–63 Character 2 (left brain emotional), 75–102

about, 29–30, 75–76 addiction and, 212–216, 218 anatomical connections, 78–81 anxiety and fear processing, 80, 81–82, 84, 87, 93 attributes of, 33, 86–89 author’s Character, 87–88. See also Abby author’s stroke experience and, 29–30, 50, 75–76, 85–86, 87 body-brain relationship and, 176–177, 180, 182–183, 185, 188–189 Brain Huddles for, 151–153, 160–161, 163–164, 168–169 consciousness of, 82–86, 126–127, 129–130 emotion processing by, 108 emotions of, 84–85, 86, 88–89, 151–152 generational values of, 239, 249, 250–251, 255, 256 getting to know, 94–100 getting to know cheat sheet, 100–102 Hero’s Journey and, 38 information processing by, 78–82, 83–84, 88 on the job, 90–91, 137 Jung’s archetype of, 37, 86–87 messages to and from, 41, 272, 273–274 naming of, 87–88, 97 neuroanatomy of, 12, 13, 78–81 opposite Character attributes, 33

at play, 91-92 processing pattern of, 14 recovery from addiction and, 219–220, 221, 224–231 relationships with other Characters, 79, 82, 85, 99–100, 123, 146–147 reptilian brain and, 76–78 romantic relationships and, 195–196, 197–198, 199–200, 202–203 snapshot of, 92–93 strategic plan for, 268–270 Character 3 (right brain emotional), 111–113

about, 103–104 addiction and, 213, 215–216 attributes of, 33, 111–113 author’s Character, 118–119. See also Pigpen author’s stroke experience and, 105 body-brain relationship and, 178, 181, 183–184, 185–186, 189 Brain Huddles for, 161, 164 consciousness of, 108–109, 126–127, 129–130 emotions of, 85, 106, 108–111, 161 experiential feelings of, 105–107, 116 gender differences, 240 generational values of, 246, 248, 249–251 getting to know, 116–122 getting to know cheat sheet, 123–124 Hero’s Journey and, 38 information processing by, 14, 79–80 on the job, 113–114, 137 Jung’s archetype of, 37, 107 messages to and from, 41–42, 272–273, 275 naming of, 118–119 neuroanatomy of, 12, 13, 79–80 opposite Character attributes, 33 perception of self and world through, 104–105, 106–108 perception of time and, 106–107, 108–111 at play, 111–112, 114–115 recovery from addiction and, 219–220, 221 relationships with other Characters, 79, 104, 112–113, 123, 146–147 romantic relationships and, 196–198, 200

snapshot of, 115–116 Character 4 (right brain thinking), 125–148

about, 30, 125–128 addiction and, 213, 216 attributes of, 32, 132–136 authentic self and, 17 author’s Character, 145–146. See also Queen Toad author’s stroke experience, 30, 133–134, 153–154 birth experience and, 129–130 body-brain relationship and, 178–179, 181–182, 184, 186, 189–190 Brain Huddles for, 161–162, 164 consciousness of, 126–132, 133–134 cosmic energy and, 128–129 gender differences, 241 generational values of, 243–244 getting to know, 140–147 getting to know cheat sheet, 147–148 G.I. Generation values and, 237, 239 healing powers of, 153–154 Hero’s Journey and, 38 on the job, 136–137 Jung’s archetype of, 37, 127 messages to and from, 43, 273, 275–276 naming of, 142–143 neuroanatomy of, 12 opposite Character attributes, 32 perception of self and world through, 233 at play, 137–138 recovery from addiction and, 219–220, 221, 223–231 relationships with other Characters, 79, 99-100, 146–147 romantic relationships and, 200–202 snapshot of, 138–139 Character framework. See Four Character framework Chimpanzees, 130 Chronic illness management, 179–182 Cigarette smoking, 210 Civil Rights Act (1964), 240

Civil Rights movement, 238, 239, 242 Clarity, 139 Collective whole, 106–108, 207–208 Commissurotomy experiments, 22–25, 31 Communication among Four Characters. See Brain Huddle Compulsiveness, 113 Conditional love, 93 Connection, 138 Consciousness

Brain Huddles and, 167 of Character 1, 32, 51–54, 126–127 of Character 2, 82–86, 126–127, 129–130 of Character 3, 108–109, 126–127, 129–130 of Character 4, 126–132, 133–134 defined, 52 development of, 110–111, 128–130, 135–136 left brain and, 51–54 neuroanatomy of, 131–132, 205–206 of present moment, 108–109 of single-celled organisms, 205–206 string quartet analogy, 126–127 Corpus callosum, 22, 23 Cosmic consciousness of the universe, 38–39, 128–129, 131–132 Cosmic energy, 128–129 COVID-19 pandemic (2020), 255 Creativity, 115 Crisis management, 152–153, 168–169 Curious nature, 116

D

D’Aquili, Eugene, 132 Death, acceptance of, 39, 180, 261–264 De Becker, Gavin, 104 Deceptiveness, 93, 104 Decision-making skills, 55, 90–91 Diabetes, 179–182

Diet and dieting connection, 182–184 Disconnection and reconnection. See Addiction; Recovery Divorce rates, 240, 243, 244 Doctor relationships, 184–186

E

Economy and workplace

of Baby Boomer Generation, 242, 243, 248–249 Character 1s on the job, 55, 56–60, 137 Character 2s on the job, 56, 90–91, 137 Character 3s on the job, 113–114, 137 Character 4s on the job, 136–137 gender differences and, 241 of Generation X, 246–247 of Gen Z, 256 of G.I. Generation, 237, 238, 240–241, 248 of Millennial Generation, 249–251 of Silent Generation, 240–241 Education

of Baby Boomer Generation, 242–243 gender differences, 241 of Generation X, 245 of Gen Z, 255 of G.I. Generation, 237 of Millennial Generation, 248, 249 of Silent Generation, 238 Ego-based consciousness

author’s stroke experience and, 47–48, 49, 85–86 Character 2 and, 85–86, 93 development of, 38, 52–53, 110–111, 135 Hero’s Journey and, 37–39 recovery from addiction and, 220–221 Emotions

of Character 2s, 84–85, 86, 88–89, 151–152 of Character 3s, 85, 106, 108–111, 161 neuroanatomy of, 12–14

rational-emotional hemisphere theory, 11–12 recovery and, 214–216 Empathy, 115 Enlightenment, Buddha’s journey to, 38, 208, 219–220, 221 Equal Pay Act (1963), 240 Evolution

of brain, 14–16, 80. See also Generational gaps of Four Character framework, 15–16 of mammalian nervous system, 14–16 power to choose and, 54, 260 Expansiveness, 138 Experiential feelings, 105–107, 116

F

Family. See also Parenting

addiction counterbalancing act of, 211, 213–214, 216–218 Character 1s and, 69–70 Character 2s and, 99 Character 3s and, 121–122 Character 4s and, 145–146 recovery counterbalancing act of, 231–233 Fear (fight-flight-freeze) response, 13–14, 50, 80, 81–82, 84, 180, 188, 255 Feeling creatures who think, 15, 79, 82, 83–84, 131 Fisher, Helen, 193 Fitness connection, 182–184 Forgiveness, 115 Four Character framework, 31–42

about, 17, 29–30, 31–32 anatomical connections, 21–30. See also Neuroanatomy application strategies, 149–171, 264–270. See also Brain Huddle authentic self and, 17 Character attributes, 32–34. See also Character 1; Character 2; Character

3; Character 4 evolution of, 15–16 Jung’s archetypes and, 37, 39 neuroanatomy of, 27, 29–30

peace and, x–xi, 37–40, 270–271. See also Hero’s Journey to Peace power of, 259–260 power to choose and, 35–37, 39, 260–264. See also Power to choose rational-emotional hemisphere comparison, 11–12 in the wild. See Addiction; Recovery; Romantic relationships;

Technology’s influence; Wellness and illness management Framework. See Four Character framework Friendships

Character 1 and, 69–70 Character 2 and, 99 Character 3s and, 121–122 Character 4 and, 145–146

G

Gandhi, Mahatma, 171 Gender differences, 240–241 Generational gaps

about, 169–170, 234, 235–236, 256–258 Alpha Generation, 236, 254 Baby Boomer Generation, 236, 239, 241–246, 255 Generation X, 236, 244–247 Gen Z, 236, 253–256 G.I. Generation, 236, 237, 238–241, 255 Millennial Generation, 236, 247–253 Silent Generation, 236, 238–239, 240–241 Generation X, 236, 244–247 Generous of Spirit, 139 Genetic code, 130 Gen Z, 236, 253–256 Getting to Yes with Yourself (Ury), 167 G. G. (mother of author)

author’s relationship with, 50, 98, 156–157 as Character 1 model, 67, 71 death of, 262–264 parenting style of, 146 Gift of Fear (de Becker), 104

G.I. Generation, 236, 237, 238–241, 255 Global techno-consciousness, 256–258 Grandin, Temple, 111 Gratitude, 87, 109 Great Depression (1929–1939), 237, 238 Great Recession (2008–2009), 247, 252, 255 Grief processing, 84, 263–264 Guilt, feelings of, 29, 93

H

Happiness, 85, 88 Hard Character 1, 56, 57–60, 90–91, 216–218 Health. See Wellness and illness management Helen (author’s Character 1)

getting to know, 51, 63, 65–71, 100, 112 on the job, 56–57 message from, 273 naming of, 51, 67 Helicopter parenting, 249, 252 Hemispheres. See Cerebral hemispheres Hero’s Journey to Peace

about, 11, 37–40, 208, 221–222 Alcoholics Anonymous comparison, 222–231 author’s stroke experience and, 11, 105 Characters 1 & 2 appeal of, 219–220 unconscious mind and, 11, 39, 227 Hierarchical issues, 62 Hippocampi, 11, 13, 14, 81 Honesty, 93 Hope, 116

I

Identification, of personal Characters, 34 Illness management, 179–182

Inhibition, 109–110 Insight, into others, 155–156 Intention, 139 Internal Family Systems model, 25 Internet analogy, 206 in the wild. See Addiction; Generational gaps; Recovery; Romantic

relationships; Wellness and illness management

J

Jesseph, Jerry, 144 Jobs. See Economy and workplace Joy, 85, 106, 109, 115 Judgment, recovery from addiction and, 231–233 Jung, Carl, 37, 39, 53–54, 86–87, 107, 127

K

Keirsey, David, 22 Kennedy, John F., 242

L

Leadership style

of Character 1s, 55, 56–60, 137 of Character 2s, 90–91, 137 of Character 3s, 137 of Character 4s, 136–137 Left brain. See Cerebral hemispheres; Character 1; Character 2 Lennon, John, 247 Limbic system, 11, 12–14, 15, 78–80, 81, 152 Linear (sequential) information processing, 26–27, 28, 29, 50, 83 Log, of Characters, 268 Loneliness, 84, 109, 254–255 Love. See Romantic relationships

M

Magic Eye stereo images, 52 The Master and His Emissary (McGilchrist), 25 Materialism, 243–244, 248–249, 255–256 Matthew 6:28, 143 McCarthyism, 238 McGilchrist, Iain, 25 Me and you against the world mentality, 196 Mechanical skills, 62 Medical professional relationships, 184–186 Meditation, 9–10, 54, 127, 132, 138, 230 Menthol tobacco, 210 Microbes, 107, 205–206 Millennial Generation, 236, 247–253 Mindfulness, 10, 54, 133 Money management skills, 55, 247 Monkey mind, 5 Morality, 62 Multiple personality disorder (MSD), 17, 18 Musical expression, 109–110 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, 21–22 Mystic self, 143 My Stroke of Insight (Taylor), ix–x, 6, 259

N

National Alliance on Mental Illness, 4–5 Negative feedback loops, 257 Negative self-judgment, 93 21–30. See also Neurons Neuroanatomy,

about, 10, 21–22 author’s fascination with, 3–5 of Brain Huddles, 153–154 of brain stem, 76–81 of consciousness, 131–132, 205–206 of emotions, 12–14

evolution of, 14–16 of Four Characters, 12, 13, 27, 29–30, 78–81 hemispheres’ functions, 25–28 of Hero’s Journey, 11 of intelligence, 206 plasticity of, 54, 208 psychology and, 10 rational-emotional hemisphere theory, 11–12 of recovery from addiction, 220 of spirituality, 132 split-brain experiments and, 22–25, 31 trauma and, 207–208

Neurons

about, 26 consciousness and, 131–132 of Four Character framework, 27 intelligence and, 206 recovery from addiction and, 220 trauma and, 207–208 types of, 26, 27 Neuroplasticity, 54, 208 Newberg, Andrew, 132 Newcomer, Carrie, 134 9/11 terrorist attacks, 251, 255 90 Second Rule, 7 Nixon, Richard, 242

O

Of Two Minds (Schiffer), 25 O’Rear, Valerie, 67 Organizational skills, 54–55, 62

P

Paradigm. See Four Character framework

Parallel information processing, 27 Parenting

Four Character framework and, 69–70, 87, 99, 121–122, 145–146 generational gaps, 248–249, 252, 253–254 to left-brain/right-brain stereotypes, 24–25 Partnerships. See Romantic relationships Pause button, x, 7, 155, 157–158, 258

Peace

Character 2 and, 82–86 Character 4 and, 125–126 recovery from addiction and, 220 road map to, x–xi, 16–17, 37–40, 82–86, 221–231, 270–271. See also

Hero’s Journey to Peace Persona, 37, 53 Personality, 21–30

author’s stroke changes, 29–30 of cerebral hemispheres, 11–12, 32 neuroanatomy of, 25–28 split-brain experiments and, 22–25 typing systems, 21–22 Personal reflection, 156–157 Pictures, thinking in, 111 Pigpen (author’s Character 3)

getting to know, 100, 112, 116–122 message from, 275 naming of, 118–119 Planning skills, 55 Play

of Character 1s, 56–57, 61–62 of Character 2s, 91–92 of Character 3s, 111–112, 114–115 of Character 4s, 137–138 Positive feedback loops, 257–258 Post–World War II, 238, 241–246 Power to choose

about, x, 9–10, 171 Brain Huddle and, 36, 37, 171, 260

Character 4 message on, 275–276 evolutionary direction, 54, 260 who and how we want to be, 35–37, 39, 171, 260, 261–263 Practice skills, 109, 111–112 Prayer, 10, 132, 133, 138, 230 Productivity, 55 Psychology

about, 10 Jung’s archetypes, 37, 39, 86–87, 107, 127 neuroanatomy and, 10 rational-emotional hemisphere theory, 11–12 split-brain experiments and, 31

Q

Queen Toad (author’s Character 4)

getting to know, 100, 140–147, 147–148 message from, 275–276 naming of, 143–144

R

Random acts of kindness, 179 Rational-emotional hemisphere theory, 11–12 Reagan, Ronald, 247 Reconnection and disconnection. See Addiction; Recovery 219–234. See also Addiction Recovery (from addiction),

about, 170, 219–221 221–222. See also Alcoholics Alcoholics Anonymous comparison,

Anonymous Character 1 and, 219–220, 221, 222–227, 230–231 Character 2 and, 219–220, 221, 224–231 Character 3 and, 219–220, 221 Character 4 and, 219–220, 221, 223–231 emotional work of, 214–216 family’s and friends’ counterbalancing act, 231–233

judgment and, 231–233 neuroplasticity and, 208 process of, 211, 220–221 we are all recovering, 233–234 Religion

dogma of, 141–142 recovery from addiction and, 219, 231–233 Reptilian brain, 76–78 Right brain. See Cerebral hemispheres; Character 3; Character 4 Romantic relationships, 191–203

about, 168–170, 191–192 with addicts, 209 Character 1s and, 69–70, 194–195, 196, 197–198, 199–200, 201–202 Character 2 hijacking of, 197–198, 199–200, 202–203 Character 2s and, 84, 99, 195–196, 202 Character 3s and, 121–122, 196–198, 200 Character 4s and, 145–146, 200–202 patterns in, 192–194 Rumi, 136

S

Scarcity mindset, 88 Scheduling skills. See Planning skills Schiffer, Fredric, 25 Schizophrenia, 3, 4, 17–18, 97, 217 Schwartz, Richard, 25 Scientific method, 127–128 Self, 127 Self-judgment, 93 Self-value, 244, 252 September 11th terrorist attacks, 251, 255 Shadow, 37, 86–87 Shame, 29, 93, 212–214 Silent Generation, 236, 238–239, 240–241 Single-celled organism, 107, 205–206 Social media, 252, 253, 256

Society and community

of Baby Boomer Generation, 242–244, 247 of Generation X, 246, 247, 254–255 of Gen Z, 256 of G.I. Generation, 237, 239 of Millennial Generation, 249, 251–253 of Silent Generation, 238, 239 Soft Character 1, 56–60, 90, 216–218 Spanish Flu pandemic (1918), 237 Sperry, Roger, 22 Spinal cord, 78 Spirituality

Character 4 and, 141–142 consciousness and, 127–128, 131–132 neuroanatomy of, 132 recovery from addiction and, 219, 223, 231–233 Split-brain experiments, 31 Strong Character 1s, 237 Success, defined, 51

T

Tax audits, 60 Taylor, Hal

author as primary caregiver for, 69, 232–233 author’s stroke recovery with, 50 career of, 21–22 as Character 3 model, 67, 119 Taylor, Jill Bolte

addiction and, 209–211 birth experience, 87–88, 97 Brain Huddle experience, 149–150, 151 career track, 4–5 childhood, 3 education, 3–4 Hero’s Journey of, 11 mother of. See G. G.

personal Characters of. See Abby; Helen; Pigpen; Queen Toad on power

to choose, 9–10 stroke experience, 5–7, 27–28, 29. See also specific Characters TED talk on “Who Are We?” ix–x, 7–9, 32, 258, 259, 275 whole brain living experience of, 18 Team work, 107 Techno-consciousness (global), 256–258 Technology’s influence

about, 170, 234, 235–236, 256–258 disconnection and, 254–255 on Generation X, 236, 244–247 on Gen Z, 236, 253–256 global techno-consciousness, 256–258 on Millennial Generation, 236, 247–253 Teddy Ruxpin, 248 TED talk on “Who Are We?” ix–x, 7–9, 32, 258, 259, 275 Temperament typing, 21–22 Terrorist attacks, 251, 255 Thinking creatures who feel, 15 Thinking in pictures, 111 Thinking in Pictures (Grandin), 111 Title IX Law (1972), 240 Triggers, strategies for, 266 True Self, 37 Twelve Steps program. See Alcoholics Anonymous

U

Unconscious mind

archetype of, 37, 39, 127 Character 4 attribute, 32, 127 Hero’s Journey and, 11, 39, 227 recovery from addiction and, 220, 227, 229 Ury, Bill, 167

V

Victim mentality, 196 Vietnam War, 242 Vulnerability, 139

W

Weight loss connection, 182–184 Wellness and illness management

about, 169 aging, 186–189 fitness, diet, and dieting connection, 182–184 illness management, 179–182 medical professional relationships, 184–186 Whininess, 93 Whole brain living

about, 12–17, 18–19 author’s personal experience, 18 Characters and. See Four Character framework

evolution and, 15–16 left-brain/right-brain stereotypes and, 24–25 Why God Won’t Go Away (Newberg & d’Aquili), 132 Wild environment. See Addiction; Generational gaps; Recovery; Romantic

relationships; Wellness and illness management Williamson, Marianne, 231, 232–233 Windows-based products, 24–25 Women issues, 240–241 Women’s movement, 239 Workplace. See Economy and workplace World War I (1914–1918), 237, 238 World War II (1939–1945), 237

Y

You and me against the world mentality, 196