Glossary and Index of Names

All dates are BCE.

Abdera Greek city on the coast of Thrace. 600c7 Achaeans Greek forces in the Trojan War. 389e8, 390e6, 393a1, 4, d5, 394a6 Achilles Hero of Homer’s Iliad. Champion of the Greeks in the Trojan War. 388a6, 390e4, 7, 391a4, c1 Adeimantus Plato’s older brother.With Glaucon, Socrates’ chief interlocutor after Book 1.

Adrasteia Personification of fate or necessity and punisher of pride and proud words.The “bow to Adrasteia” is an apology for an act or statement that might oth- erwise spur her to take action. 451a4 Aeschylus of Eleusis (c. 525/4–456/5) Author of the Oresteia, Seven against Thebes, and other plays. 361b7, 362a3, 380a1, 383a9, 550c4, 563c1 Agamemnon King of Mycenae. Husband of Clytemnestra (who killed him) and father of Orestes (who killed Clytemnestra), Iphigenia (whom he killed), and Elec- tra. He led the Greek forces in the Trojan War. 383a8, 390e9, 392e3, 393e4, 522d1, 6, 620b4 Aglaeon Father of Leontius. 439e7 Ajax One of the Greek heroes who fought at Troy. 468d, 620b2 Alcinous King of the Phaeacians in Homer’s Odyssey. 614b2 Anacharsis of Scythia (6th cent.) A legendary sage. 600a6 Aphrodite Goddess of (sexual) love. 390c6 Apollo God of music, medicine, prophecy, and so on. 383a9, 391a5, 394a3, 399e2, 408b8, 427b2, 509c1 Arcadia Area in the central Peloponnese. 565d6 Archilochus of Paros (c. 756–716) Iambic and elegiac poet who composed the famous fable about the fox and the hedgehog. 365c5 Ardiaeus Probably fictional tyrant of Pamphylia (now coastal Turkey) in the myth of Er. 615c6, e6 Ares God of war. 390c6 Argos City of Agamemnon. 381d8, 393e7 Ariston Father of Adeimantus, Glaucon, and Plato. 327a1, 368a4, 427d1, 580b9 Aristonymus Father of Clitophon. 328b7 Armenius Father of Er. 614b3

Asclepius A mythical figure regarded as the first doctor. 405d4, 7, 406a6, c1, 407c7, e3, 408b6, 8, 599c4 Atalanta Mythical huntress who would marry only a man who could beat her at running. In most versions of the myth, losers were killed. Melanion received three golden apples from Aphrodite, which he dropped during his race with Atalanta. She stopped to pick them up, and he won the race. 620b6 Athena Virgin goddess of the arts and technical expertise of every kind. Patron goddess of Athens. 379e4 Athenian 330a3 Atreus Father of Agamemnon and Menelaus. 393a5 Atropos One of the Fates. 617c3, 5, 8, 620e5 Attic Pertaining to Attica, the area in which Athens is situated. 404d8 Autolycus Maternal grandfather of Odysseus. 334b1 Bendis A Thracian goddess about whose cult, which may have been orgiastic, lit- tle is known. Greek artists represent her as a booted huntress rather like Artemis.An Athenian decree of c. 413/2 assigned her a priestess and founded the festival in Piraeus mentioned at the beginning of Book 1. 354a11 Bias of Priene (6th cent.) One of the legendary seven sages of Greece. Priene is in Ionia. 335e8 Ceos Island in the northwest Cyclades. Home of the sophist Prodicus. 600c7 Cephalus A wealthy resident alien in Athens. Father of Polemarchus, Euthydemus, and Lysias.

Cerberus Three-headed dog with a snake’s tail that guarded the gates to Hades. 588c3 Chalcedon On the Black Sea. Home of the sophist Thrasymachus. 328b6 Charmantides of Paeania (c. 500–420) Remains silent throughout the Republic. 328b7 Charondas of Catana (6th cent.) Created laws for his native Catane and other cities in Italy and Sicily. 599e3 Cheiron A centaur (half man, half horse), famous as tutor of Achilles. 391c3 Chimera Mythical beast, “lion in the front, serpent in the back, and she-goat in the middle” (Iliad 6.181). 588c3 Chryses Priest of Apollo in the Iliad. 392e3, 393a8, d4, 6 Clitophon Young Athenian who gives his name to a (pseudo-) Platonic dialogue.

Supporter of Thrasymachus.

Clotho One of the three Fates. 617c3, 5, 6, 620e2 Cocytus River of Hades. 387b9 Corinthian Pertaining to the city of Corinth near the isthmus joining central Greece to the Peloponnese. 404d5 Creophylus Epic poet. Follower of Homer. 600b6 Cretans People of Crete, an island in the southern Aegean. 452c9

Croesus King of Lydia (560–546). 566c4 Cronus Greek god. Father of Zeus. 377e8, 378a1 Daedalus A legendary sculptor of great skill. His statues were so lifelike that they moved around by themselves just like living things. 529e1 Damon of Athens (5th cent.) Pioneering musicologist who had views on the psychological and political significance of music.The few surviving fragments of his writings are translated in Kathleen Freeman, Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977). 400b1, c4, 424c6 Delphi On the slopes of Mount Parnassus above the Gulf of Corinth. Site of the Delphic Oracle. 427b3 Diomedes, Diomedean Greek hero of the Trojan War. A type of necessity named after him. 389e5, 493d5 Dionysiac Pertaining to Dionysus, the god of wine, intoxication, madness, drama, and so on. 475d6 Dorian With the Ionians, one of the two Greek “tribes.” Also the musical mode associated with them. 399a3 Egyptians 436a2 Epeius Mentioned at Odyssey 8.493 as the man who helped Athena make the Tro- jan Horse. 620c1 Er The son of Armenius. May be a Platonic creation. 614b3 Eriphyle Wife of Amphiaraus. Bribed with a gold necklace, she sent her husband to his death in Aeschylus’ Seven against Thebes. 590a1 Erôs God of love. 573b7, d4, e6, 574d8, e2, 575a1 Euripides of Athens (c. 480–406) Author of the Bacchae, Medea, and many other tragedies. 568a9 Eurypylus Greek warrior at Troy whose wounds are treated by Patroclus in Homer’s Iliad. 405e1, 408a7 Euthydemus Son of Cephalus and brother of Polemarchus. His role in the Repub- lic is non-speaking. Not to be confused with Euthydemus, son of Diocles, after whom Plato named a dialogue. 328b5 Fates 617c2 Glaucon Plato’s older brother.With Adeimantus, Socrates’ chief interlocutor after Book 1.

Glaucus A human being transformed into a minor sea god by eating a magic herb. 611d1 Greece 606e2 Greeks 423a9, 452c7, 469b8, c4, 5, e8, 470a1, c5, 7, 8, 9, e9, 471a1, 9, b8, 494c8, 544d4 Gyges (c. 685–657) King of Lydia.The story of how he became king is described in Herodotus 1.8–13. 359d1, 612b4

Hades God of the underworld, ruler of the dead. Also the underworld itself. 330d8, 363c4, d7, 366a5, 386b4, 10, d9, 392a6, 521c3, 534c7, 596c8, (cap of Hades) 612b5, 619a1 Helen of Troy Wife of Menelaus, lover of Paris, and cause of the Trojan War. 586c4 Hellespont Narrow strait dividing Europe from Asia. 404c1 Hephaestus God of fire, blacksmiths, and craftsmen more generally. 378d3, 389a6, 390c7 Hera Wife of Zeus. Queen of the gods. 378d3, 381d6, 390c2 Heraclitus of Ephesus (c. 500) One of the greatest of the Presocratic philoso- phers. He believed that everything is in flux, and that apparent opposites (day and night, alive and dead, up and down) are in some sense unities. As a result, he seems to have denied the law of non-contradiction. 498b1 Hermus River on the west coast of Asia Minor. 566c5 Herodicus of Selymbria Physical trainer and medical theorist from Thrace, credited with the invention of dietetics. 406a7 Hesiod (c. 700) Early epic poet from Boeotia. Author of Theogony and Works and Days. 363a8, 377d4, e8, 466c2, 468e8, 546e1, 600d6, 612b2 Homer (c. 8th cent.) Greatest of the Greek epic poets. Author of the Iliad and Odyssey. 334a11, b4, 363a8, 364d4, 377d4, 378d5, 379c9, 383a7, 387b1, 388a5, 389a3, e5, 391a3, 393b1, d3, 6, 396e5, 404b10, c6, 441b4, c1, 468c10, d1, 7, 501b6, 516d4, 545d8, 595b10, 598d8, 599b9, c7, 600a1, 10, b7, 9, c4, d5, e4, 605c11, 606e1, 607a2, d1, 612b2 Homeridae Followers of Homer. 599e6 Hydra Mythical monster with many heads; when one was cut off, two grew in its place. 426e8 Ida Mountain in Crete. 391e8 Iliad 392e2 Ilium Troy. 393b4, 522d4 Inachus River god whose daughter, Io, was turned into a cow by Hera because of Zeus’ lust for her. 381d8 Ionian With Dorians, one of the two Greek “tribes.” Also the musical mode asso- ciated with them. 398e10 Isles of the Blessed A place where good people are said to live in eternal happi- ness, normally after death. 519c5, 540b6 Ismenias of Thebes (active 404–382) A democratic leader who aided the exiled Athenian democrats in 404. He is also mentioned at Meno 90a4–5. 336a6 Italy 599e3 Ithaca Island home of Odysseus. 393b4 Lacedaemonians Spartans. 452c9, 599d7 Lachesis One of the three Fates. 617c3, 4, 8, d2, 4, 6, 620d7

Laconian Spartan. 544c3, 545a3 Leontius Son of Aglaeon. 439e7 Lethe River in Hades. 621a2, c1 Lotus-eaters Mythical people visited by Odysseus on his ten-year voyage back to Ithaca after the Trojan War. 560c5 Lycaean (Zeus). 565d6 Lycurgus Tradition lawgiver to the Spartans. 599d7 Lydian Lydia was a territory in the west of Asia Minor. 359d1, 2, 398e10 Lysanias Father of Cephalus. 330b5 Lysias of Thurii and Athens (459–c. 380) Well-known writer of legal speeches and brother of Polemarchus. Socrates discusses a speech attributed to him in the

Phaedrus. Marsyas One of the mythical satyrs, part human, part animal. He was flayed alive by Apollo for challenging him to a musical contest and losing. 399e2 Megara City between Athens and Corinth. The battle of Megara took place in [409]: BCE. 368a3 Menelaus Brother of Agamemnon. Husband of Helen. 408a3 Midas Legendary king of Phrygia (now central Turkey). As the result of a foolish wish, everything he touched turn to gold. 408b4 Milesian Pertaining to Miletus, an Ionian city in Asia Minor. 600a6 Momus The god of criticism, blame, and censure. 487a6 Musaeus A legendary poet closely associated with the mystery religion of Orphism. 363c3, 364e3 Muse(s) Patron goddesses of the various arts, including Calliope (epic), Erato (lyric), Euterpe (flute-playing), Melpomene (tragedy),Terpsichore (dancing),Thalia (comedy). 364e4, 411c9, 499d3, 545d8, 547a7, b1, 548b8, 607a5 Necessity 616c4, 617b4, c2, d6, 621a1 Niceratus of Cydantidae Son of Nicias. Like Polemarchus, a victim of the oli- garchic coup of the Thirty Tyrants in 404 BCE. He remains silent throughout the Republic. 327c2 Nicias Athenian general during the Peloponnesian War with Sparta. 327c2 Niobe In mythology, daughter of Tantalus. She boasted that she was superior to Leto, mother of Apollo and Artemis, who, in revenge, killed her children. 380a6 Odysseus Greek hero of the Trojan War. Hero of Homer’s Odyssey. 334b1, 620c4 Olympian (Zeus). 583b3 Olympic Olympia in Elis was a panhellenic sanctuary of Zeus. Site of the ancient Olympic games. 465d3, 466a9 Orpheus It is not clear whether Orpheus was a real person or a mythical figure.

His fame in Greek myth rests on the poems in which the doctrines of Orphic reli- gion are set forth. These are discussed in W. Burkert, Greek Religion (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985). 364e3, 620a4

Paeania A rural deme (parish) of Athens. 328b7 Palamedes Greek hero of the Trojan War credited with the invention of numbers, writing, and law. Odysseus hid gold in his tent, forged a letter that compromised him, accused him of treason, and had him stoned to death. Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides wrote tragedies about his fate. 522d2 Pamphylian Pertaining to Pamphylia, a region in the southern coastal plain of what is now Turkey. 614b4, 615c7 Pandarus Trojan warrior, son of Lycaon. 379e3, 408a3 Panopeus Father of Epeius. 620c1 Patroclus Closest friend of Achilles in the Iliad. 388d1, 391b5 Peleus Father of Achilles. 391c2 Pelops Father of Atreus. Grandfather of Agamemnon and Menelaus. 380a6 Perdiccas Probably Perdiccas II, King of Macedon (c. 450–413). Also mentioned in the Gorgias 471a–e. 336a5 Periander (650–570) Tyrannical ruler of the city of Corinth. 336a5 Perithous Son of Zeus. 391c9 Phocylides of Miletus (6th cent.) Elegiac and hexameter poet best known for his epigrams. 407a7, b3 Phoebus Apollo. 383b5 Phoenician(s) Pertaining to Phoenicia, a region of the eastern Mediterranean. 414c4, 436a2 Phoenix Guardian of Achilles in the Iliad. 390e4 Phrygian A musical mode. Phrygia was a large region in Asia Minor. 399a4 Pindar of Cynoscephalae (518–438) Lyric poet from Boeotia, most famous for his poems celebrating the victors in the Olympian, Pythian, and other games. 331a3, 365b2, 408b8 Piraeus Harbor town of Athens. 327a1, 328c7, 439e7 Pittacus of Mytilene (6th cent.) One of the legendary seven sages of Greece. 335e8 Polemarchus Son of Cephalus. Brother of Lysias and Euthydemus. Executed by the Thirty Tyrants in 404. Mentioned at Phaedrus 257b.

Polydamas Famous athlete from Thessaly in northern Greece. 338c7 Pramneian Type of wine. 405e2 Priam King of Troy during the Trojan War. 388b4 Prodicus of Ceos (5th cent.) Teacher of rhetoric, with an interest in fine distinc- tions of meaning (Protagoras 337a1–c4, Laches 197d3–5) and the correctness of names (Euthydemus 277e4, Cratylus 384a8–c2). Socrates is described as attending some of his lectures (Cratylus 384b2–c1, Charmides 163d3–4) and as being educated by him (Meno 96d7). 600c7 Protagoras of Abdera (c. 490–420) Famous sophist who held that “man is the measure of all things.” His views are criticized in the dialogue named for him and in the Theaetetus. 600c6

Proteus Minor sea god, able to change his shape at will. 381d5 Pythagoras of Samos (6th cent.) Developed a way of life in which natural sci- ence became a religion. He is credited with discovering the mathematical ratios determining the principal intervals of the musical scale. He seems to have been led by this to believe that all natural phenomena are explicable in terms of numbers. He may also have discovered some version of the famous theorem about right triangles that bears his name. 600b2 Pythagoreans 530d8 Pythia Priestess of Apollo at Delphi. 461e3, 540c1 Sarpedon Son of Zeus in the Iliad. 388c7 Scylla Mythical monster shaped like a woman with six heads and twelve feet (see Odyssey 12.85ff., 245ff.). 588c3 Scythia Lands to the north of Greece. 435e6, 600a7 Seriphian 330a2 Seriphus Small island in the Cyclades. 329e8 Selene The Moon. 364e4 Sicilian 404d1 Sicily Island off the toe of Italy. 599e3 Simonides of Ceos (c. 548–468) Lyric and elegiac poet. 331d5, e2, 5, 332a7, b3, 9, c6, 334b4, e4, 335e8 Siren One of eight Sirens responsible for “the harmony of the celestial spheres.” 617b5, c4 Socrates of Athens (469–399) Son of Sophroniscus and Phaenarete of the deme (parish) of Alopece. Chief protagonist of most of Plato’s dialogues and of those of other writers. See Introduction, pages xi–xii.

Solon of Athens (c. 640–560) Athenian statesman and poet and founder of the Athenian constitution. 536d1, 599e3 Sophocles of Colonus (c. 496–408) Athenian playwright, author of Antigone, Oedipus Tyrannus, and other tragedies. 329b7, c1, 8 Sparta Major city of the Peloponnese. Athens’ rival in the 5th and 4th centuries.

Sparta was a militaristic and somewhat closed society, always prepared for war. Its citizens, male and female, lived in military camps and ate communally. Plato’s thinking about his guardians reflects Spartan influence.

Spercheius River (river god) in the Iliad. 391b2 Stesichorus of Himera (6th cent.) Lyric poet. 586c4 Styx River in Hades. 387b9 Syracusan Pertaining to Syracuse, a city on the east coast of Sicily. 404d1 Tartarus The deepest part of Hades. 616a4 Telamon Brother of Peleus. Father of Ajax. 620b2

Thales of Miletus (6th cent.) First philosopher we know of in ancient Greece.

He seems to have regarded water as the fundamental principle of all things and is said to have predicted the solar eclipse of 585. 600a6 Thamyris A legendary poet and singer who boasted that he could defeat the Muses in a song contest. For this they blinded him and took away his voice. He is mentioned at Iliad 2.596–600. 620a6 Theages of Anagyrus Member of Socrates’ circle. A pseudo-Platonic dialogue dealing with the relationship between politics and philosophy is named after him. 496b7, c1 Thebes City on the south edge of the eastern plain of Boeotia. 336a6 Themis Daughter of Gaia and Uranus, associated with divine law and justice. 380a1 Themistocles of Phrearrhi (c. 524–459) Athenian statesman and chief architect of the Greek victory in the war against the Persians. By building up the navy, he secured Athens’ future as a naval power and paved the way for the increased political power of the poorer classes from which sailors were largely drawn. 329e7 Thersites Ordinary soldier who criticizes Agamemnon at Iliad 2.211–277. Odys- seus beats him for his presumption and is widely approved for doing so. 620c3 Theseus Legendary king of Athens. 391c9 Thetis Sea nymph, wife of Peleus, and mother of Achilles. 381d5, 383a9 Thrace Area roughly corresponding to present-day northwestern Greece, Bul- garia, and northeastern Turkey. 327a5 Thracians 435e6 Thrasymachus of Chalcedon (5th cent.) Sophist and rhetorician of note. Some fragments of his writings are translated in Michael Gargarin and Paul Woodruff, Early Greek Political Thought from Homer to the Sophists (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 1995): 254–6.

Troy City in northwest Asia Minor. Site of Trojan War. 380a6, 393e2, 405e1, 408a1, 586c4 Uranus Divine personification of the sky, father of Cronus. 377e7 Xerxes (c. 486–465) King of Persia who invaded Greece in the second Persian war (begun in 480). 336a5 Zeus Chief among the Greek gods. 329a1, 332a9, c5, 334b7, 340a1, 345b7, e4, 350e8, 370a7, 374e10, 375b11, 376d6, 378b6, 379d3, 5, e1, 4, 380a1, 383a8, 386b3, 390b6, c8, 391c2, 9, e8, 9, 399e4, 400a4, c6, 403b3, 407b4, 423b3, 426b7, 440b8, 441b2, 443b6, 444a7, 445b8, 452b4, 453d4, 459a4, 462a1, 469e6, 472d8, 484d4, 493c7, 505b4, 506d2, 515b10, 521b3, 527c9, 531e2, 534d2, 536c6, 554d5, 564c5, 565d6, 568a8, 574b12, c6, 583b3, 585a6, 588a11, 602c1

account argument, discussion, word 549b6, 550a3, 6, 554d2, 560c2, 8, d1, (logos) 328d4, 330a4, 331d7, e1, 561b7, 563a7, 564a9, c9, 565e1, 334a9, d6, 8, 335a3, 336b2, 4, d8, 571b7, d3, 576b10, 578c6, 581a5, 336e3, 337e3, 338d4, 339d1, 340d1, 582a5, d13, e7, 583c11, 584a11, e2, 341a7, b2, 6 (sense), 8 (sense), c5 586d6, 587a7, 10, c2, 588b1, 10, (sense), 342b7 (meaning), 343a1, 2, 589d5, d2 (language), 591a5, 592a11, 344d3, 5, 6 (speech), 345b6, 348a8 596e5, 597a9, 599b9, 601a7, 602b7, (speech), d9, 349a4, 10, 351a1, b6, 603d5, 604a10, c7, 606a8, c2, 5, 352b3, d6, 353d1, e12, 354b7, 357a1, 607a8, b3, c4, d7, 608a3, 610a5, 7, 358c1, 8, 359b5, 360d2, 361b6, d8, c6, 611a10, b9, 612a8, c5, 10, 614a8, 362d3, e2, 363c5, e6, 364b2, c5, 617d6 365d2, 366b3, 7, d6, e2, 8, 367b3, e2, alien (metoikos) 562e9, 563a1 368b2, c5, 369a6, c9, 376d2, 10, e9 anger See spirit (story), 11 (story), 377e1 (story), 378a7 (story), e4 (story), 380a8, ape (pithêkon) 590b9, 620c3 381a7, 382a1, b9, c6, e9, 10, 383a5, appetite (epithumia) 328d4, 329c7, 388e2, 9, 389a7, d6, 390a1, 392a3, 351a7 (want), 358b4 (want), 359c3, c1, 6, 394d8, 395a1, b8, 396a1, 3, e7, (a) 367b1 (want), 390c1, 4, 420e5 (have 398b7, d1, 5, 9, 11, 400a1, 2, c5, d4, desire), 429d1, 430b1, e7, 431b9, c10, 5, 401d2, 402a2, 3, 408d8, 411d3, 8, d1, 5, 432e8 (want), 436a10, 437b7, 414d1, 421a3, 425b8, 431a4, 435d2, c2, 3, 8, d2, 9, e1, 5, 7, 438a2, 3, 4, 5, 436b3, 437d11, 439a6, 440a5, b3, 5, 439d7, e9 (appetitive desire), 440a1, 442a1, c2, 445c5, e1, 449c3, 7, 450a8, 6, b1, 4, 458a4, b2 (want), 475b2, 4, b1, 4, 7, d2, e2, 451b3, c8, 452d5, 5, 8, c3, 485d6, 493b1, 8, 494a9 453a8, c8, d10, 457c1, e2, 6, 461e8, (want), 517b6 (want), 533b4, 544b9 462d4, e5, 465e5, 472a2, 6, e1, (want), 548a5, b5, 554a6, 8, b7, d1, 7, 473a5, e2, 7, 475a3, 4, c1, d4, e2, 10, 555a3, 557e5 (want), 558d9, 476a5, b1, 484a2, 485a4, 487b4, 6, 559b9, c9, e6, 560a5, 9, d6, 561a3, c3, 5, e7, 490d1, 2, 491d7, 492a8, d5, c1, 7, 565b5, 571a7, b4, 7, 572b5, c2, 7, e6, 493c4, d8, 494e1, 497c8, 7, e2, 573a1, 4, b2, d7, e4, 6, 575d8, 498a3, d4, e4, 499a4, c3, d1, 500b5, 578a11, 579b7 (yearn), e1, 580d8, e3, c4, 501e4, 503b1, 507b3, 509d7, 581a1, 585d5, 587b1, 606a5 510c5, d6, 8, 511b4, e2, 518c4, appetitive element (in the soul) 522a6, 7, 525e1, 527a3, 7, e6, 528a2, (epithumêtikon) 439d8, e5, 440e3, 10, c5, 529d4, 531e5, 532a7, 533c2, 441a6, 442a5, 516d2, 550b2, 553c5, 534a8, b3, 4, 9, c3, d3, 537a3, 538c5, 571e1, 580e2, 606d2 d8, 539a5, 9, b3, 6, d5, 8, 541b2, 543c8, 544a4, b2, 545b1, c6, 548c10, argument (logos) See account